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观点对比的英语作文模板
（1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1． 有一些人认为。。。
2． 另一些人认为。。。
3． 我的看法。。。
The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
（2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）. For example, they think②-------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤------(反对的理由之二)．
Form all what I have said,I agree to the thought that ⑥----------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．
关键词： 语料库 英国议会制辩论 架构 攻略
一、引言
随着民主政治的不断深入，辩论作为英国民主议会制的核心，逐渐受到人们的关注。辩论的精髓在于以和平的方式解决争端，对学生思辨和创新能力的提高起着非常积极的作用。具体意义表现在：独特的辩题与创新思维的发展；即兴演讲与论争的完美结合；培养相互竞争和合作的精神。笔者多年来一直带领英语专业辩论团队，取得很多优异的成绩，并创建基于辽宁省教育科学立项的英国议会制辩论语料库，议会制辩论与卓越英语人才培养目标是相吻合的。国内外近年来有不少科研论文及少量课题都不同程度地谈及英语辩论，然而，多以中文辩论为模本，或以个人臆想进行主观创造，缺乏规范性与国际视野，未能形成科学的体系，将议会制辩论与英语专业人才培养模式相结合是一种新的尝试。本文重点探讨了英国议会制辩论的架构及其攻略，将理性的思考和感性的阐述融为一体，旨在培养有思辨能力的创新人才[1]。
二、英国议会制辩论简介与架构
BP制是British Parliamentary（英国议会制）的简称。英国议会制辩论是仿照英国议会开会议事模式而设计的一系列辩论赛规则的总称，是全世界范围内使用最广泛的辩论规则。2010年，“外研社杯”开始采用BP赛制，此后，全国各地兴起议会制辩论的热潮。常见的是四队议会制辩论，每场比赛分正反双方，设“正方上院”、“正方下院”、“反方上院”、“反方下院”，每队两人，可概括为“两方、四队、八人”。胜负不以正反方而论，评判为排序制，即根据各队表现在四队中排出名次，经常出现正方上院第一名而正方下院第四名的情况。辩论程序为“角色扮演”+“交替演讲”，每位辩手均有一个议员角色，发言时间不超过7分钟，正反方从上到下交替发言。BP制采用“质询”规则：Point of Information（“POI”）。该规则允许对方辩手在每人发言时间内除开第一分钟和最后一分钟之外的所有时间示意要求提问，经发言者允许后向发言者提问质询。质询者提问时间计入发言者时长，故发言者有权决定是否接受、何时接受。
BP制的“角色扮演”，发言顺序如下：
正方上院第一位发言者 首相（Prime Minister）
反方上院第一位发言者 反对党领袖（Leader of the Opposition）
正方上院第二位发言者 副首相（Deputy Prime Minister）
反方上院第二位发言者 反对党副领袖（Deputy Leader of the Opposition）
正方下院第一位发言者 政府阁员（Member of Government）
反方下院第一位发言者 反对党阁员（Member of the Opposition）
正方下院第二位发言者 政府党鞭（Government Whip）
反方下院第二位发言者 反对党党鞭（Opposition Whip）
每一位发言者基本遵循“立我方、批对方”的原则，各自独特的职责表现为：
首相定义优先权：正方一队的首要任务是为一场有意义的辩论打造一个平台。首相应合理诠释辩题，下定义，必须给出正方上院的论点框架。
反对党领袖定义接受责任：检查定义是否符合常理，如符合，则选择接受该定义。反对党领袖必须给出反方上院的论点框架，直接或间接反驳正方部分或全部论证体系，至少给出一个理由，阐明反方为何反对首相诠释的辩题。
副首相论点展开责任：在首相/反对党领袖的框架下展开论点。攻击反对党领袖对正方提出的反驳，并重新建立起正方论据，反驳反方提出的部分或所有论据，深入阐释正方论证体系。
反对党副领袖论点展开责任：继续反驳正方论据，重申反对党领袖反对辩题的论据，继续阐释反方一队反对辩题的理由。
政府阁员论点扩展责任：在保持与自己的上院意见原则一致的情况下，必须提出区别于自己的上院的新论点。简要支持正方一队的观点，阐释一个或数个独立的、与正方一队不重复的论点。
反对党阁员论点扩展责任：简要支持第一反方的观点，直接或间接反驳内阁成员引入的新论点，阐释一个或数个独立的、与第一反方不重复的论点。
政府党鞭总结责任：明确指出全场交锋点，并突出本方观点，尤其是本方下院观点的正确性。维护政府成员提出的新论点，回应反对党成员提出的新论点，除反驳反对党成员提出的论点外，不可引入任何新论点。
反对党党鞭总结责任：维护反对党成员提出的新论点，回应政府成员提出的新论点，从反方（特别是第二反方）的角度总结整场辩论，不可引入任何新论点。
竞赛一般在赛前15分钟公布辩题、公布各队所处“赛位”。辩题又称“动议”Motion，一般以“本院认为……”This House...的句式给出。比赛结束后三名评委，一般为主裁（chair）一名，也称“议长”，边裁两名，闭门商议排序，然后由主裁当场宣布结果并点评。BP制中还有一些特殊规则：表示支持不用鼓掌，而是敲击桌面；“扶帽伸手”动作表示要求质询；发言者须走到舞台中央的发言席发言；计时以发言者准备就绪开始讲话起。在母语为非英语国家举行的英语辩论赛中，英语语言虽很重要，但只是一个基础、是一种工具，不是比试的重点。重点评判依据是动议定义是否明确可辩、观点是否鲜明、论证是否有力、反驳是否到位、辩论技巧如何、团队精神、参与程度，即为内容、技巧和风格三要素。具体如下：首先内容要切题，动议定义解释明确，论点鲜明，论证过程条理严谨，论据有说服力，理由充分，逻辑性强，反驳及时、有力。其次要讲究技巧或策略，包括动议定义、履行自身职责和分工、团队合作表现、言语组织和表达、思维敏捷及时间的合理使用。此外，有鲜明的风格或方式，主要指辩手辩论时的语言感染力、说服力、清晰度、措辞、语速变化、强弱及适当的身势语言。
三、英国议会制辩论攻略
1.从理性角度
辩论语言相对重要，但更重要的是看思辨能力及知识面的广度、深度和逻辑性、周密性。同在一方的上下两院不仅是合作关系，更是竞争关系，下院队要劝说观众的是自己与上院在同一战线上但是比上院队更好。每位辩手都有一个特定的角色和所对应的责任。考虑责任的完成情况是裁判中的重要部分。政策辩论和原则辩论都是可行的，可以通过构建一格模型来论证辩题，但更鼓励学生使用政策式辩论，虽然现在有越来越多的政策性辩题，但通过建立具体模型来窄化辩题的做法依然是不允许的，甚至会一败涂地。例如：辩题“Money is our biggest problem.”在辩论中，正方上院将辩题直接窄化定义为“香港占中”问题，在战术上出现了严重的失误。好的辩手应该具备：形式逻辑基本原理（basic laws of formal logic），公共演讲技巧（public speaking skills），证据与知识储备（evidence&academic knowledge），写作与修辞（writing&rhetoric）。质询（POI）的句子一定要短小精练，用简单句，不要把时间浪费在重复对方观点上，为“他人做嫁衣裳”，相当于变相提醒裁判对方观点。
对同一件事情，人们常有不同的看法，即正反两种观点。在写作时，常使用一般现在时。写作格式一般是：提出问题→两种不同观点→对两种不同观点的论据（理由）逐项作对比。有时题目会要求说出自己的观点，可在结尾段加上自己的观点并简要说明理由，最好不要重复前面的已谈到的理由。写作方式一般采用集中比较。
对比式议论文要求考生从正反两个方面来论证某一观点，对这类题型，一般有三个主要部分，即：
topic sentences：引入，即主题部分，要针对题目要求,对现象进行概述,提出自己的论点,这部分一定要简明扼要,往往三两句即可。
supporting sentences：展开，要围绕自己提出的论点进行深入的阐述,可以通过举例、比较等来支持自己的论点。（正反论证,持之有故。在认真审题、提炼出论点之后,接下来应当摆出正反两方面的论点和论据,也就是说,用原文所给的足量事实来支撑各自的观点,如果题目没有给定更多的内容,这时需要自己深入思考,挖掘比较两者的不同点,然后分别进行论证,务必做到言之有据,持之有故,自圆其说。）
concluding sentences：结论，重申自己的观点,它是讨论的最终结果,也是对全文进行总结,但不要重复开头引入
部分,最好换一种方式或句型来写。(在一篇120字的文章中，结论文通常只能有一至两句。结论只是用来总结文章之前的意思，除非只是一个次要观点，否则不要在这段内提出任何新见解，但如题目要求的话，您可在结论上提出您的建议、推荐、介绍和解决方法.)
通常分为四个步骤来写：
第一段 文章开头，提炼论点,搭建框架
第二段 阐述提纲中列举的第一种看法，给出理由或者举例说明:主题句＋理由/举例1+理由/举例2+理由/举例3
第三段 阐述提纲中列举的第一种看法，给出理由或者举例说明:主题句＋理由/举例1+理由/举例2+理由/举例3
第四段 表明自己的观点结束全文:在结尾的时候，一定要表明自己的观点。
注意事项：
1.巧用连词、衔接自然。写比较式议论文时,为了使文章结构紧凑,句子衔接自然,逻辑性和连贯性强,可以借助一些连接词来过度，使上下文读起来流畅。常用于展开论证的连词或词组有 first of all, besides, in addition, however,what's more等,用于结论部分的furthermore,moreover,连接词或词组有:in short,in a word,in conclusion,on the whole,to conclude,on one hand,on the other hand等。
2.查缺补漏,愈加完善。完成作文之后,要注意检查一下,在检查时,把握好以下几个方面的问题,看看有没有错误:(1)时态是否一致,特别是复合句,要弄清楚主从句的时间关系;(2)搭配问题,注意介词搭配和动宾搭配;(3)词性误用,根据词语在句子中担任的不同成分,选用不同的词性;(4)关系一致问题,既要注意主谓一致,又要注意代词一致,分词逻辑主语和句子主语一致等问题;(5)连接词问题,对于不同的句式,既要防止连接词的重复,又要防止它的缺省。 掌握了以上对比式英语议论文的基本框架和技巧之后,平时多加练习,多模仿、学习一些优秀的英语范文,多背诵一些经典句型,多积累一些中高级词汇,恰当运用一点衔接过渡手段,就一定能写出内容详实、层次分明且结构完整的文章。
写作方法
Contrast: It explains how persons/things are different.
Comparison: It explains how persons/things are similar.
2. What connecting words or phrases can we use to develop contrast and comparison?
Contrast: while, however, but, be different from, unlike, on the contrary, just the opposite
Comparison: similarly, just like…, alike, likewise, equally, in the same way, both, also
Ex. Combine 2 sentences into one.
I wrote letters to my friends. I send emails to my friends.
I used to write letters to my friends, but now I send them e-mails.
Unlike before when I wrote letters, I send e-mails to my friends now.
3. Two ways to develop comparison and contrast (对比写作一般有两种方式)
Topic by topic structure:集中比较或对比（集中说明一个对象的诸种特征）
Point by point structure:逐点比较或对比（一条一条地说明两者的异同）
Ex. 2 Explain the table in English.
children eat out at weekend western food
parents eat out at weekend Chinese food
○1 Topic by topic
Children like to eat out at weekend. They are usually interested in western food. In the same way, parents also eat out at weekend. But they usually go to a Chinese restaurant.
○2 Point by point：Children and parents both like to eat out at weekend. But children are interested in western food while parents prefer Chinese food.
Example1:
1.只给出主题，题目没有更多的内容，这时需要自己深入思考,挖掘比较两者的不同点,然后分别进行论证,务必做到言之有据,持之有故,自圆其说。
2.要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。○1有一些人认为……○2另一些人认为……○3.我的看法……
The topic of ①___________（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②___________（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③___________理由二). Moreover, ④___________ (理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, ___________ (支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥___________（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦___________ (理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧___________（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨___________ (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice.
3.给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
Some people believe that ①___________（观点一）. For example, they think ②___________（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③___________ (为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④___________ (我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤___________ (反对的理由之二)．
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥___________ (我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．
Example2:
作为一个中学生, 你肯定经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败. 请你根据提示内容,简要概述中学生普遍存在的对考试失败的两种态度, 并结合自身实际, 说明你的观点.
态度一: 当考试结果不尽人意时, 情绪低落, 丧失信心, 不再继续努力.
态度二: 当考试失败时, 分析找出失败的原因, 鼓励自己, 增强自信, 避免再犯同样的错。
你的观点: 失败乃成功之母, ……
要求: 1. 词数: 120词左右. 2. 可根据内容要求适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯.
体裁:说明
时态:现在时
人称:第一人称
要点: (1) 我们中学生经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败.
(2) 态度一: 当考试结果不尽人意时, 情绪低落, 丧失信心, 不再继续努力.
(3)态度二: 当考试失败时, 分析找出失败的原因, 鼓励自己, 增强自信, 避免再犯同样的错。
(4)我的观点: 失败乃成功之母, ……
构思---文章结构正反观点对比类的文章
提出问题 不同观点对比 说明自己观点
构思---文章结构
(1）我们中学生经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败. 提出问题
对考试失败大致有两种态度.
(2)态度一: 当考试结果不尽人意时, 情绪低落, 丧失信心, 不再继续努力.
(4)我的观点: 失败乃成功之母, … 说明自己观点
构思---句型短语
(1) 我们中学生经历过多次考试, 体验过成功, 也遭遇过失败.
have/take many tests or exams, do well in the exams, achieve success, suffer from failure, fail (in) the exams,(take) different attitudes towards…
be in low spirits, have passive attitudes, lose heart/confidence, no longer study hard / try one’s best …, find out/ analyze the causes, have/take active attitudes, encourage, build up self-confidence, avoid…, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike … different from …,
(4)你的观点: 失败乃成功之母, ……
in my view / opinion, I agree with…, as for me, …, in brief, in a word, in summary, Failure is the mother of success.
Sample:
We middle school students have had many tests or exams. We have both achieved success and suffered from failure. Different students take different attitudes to failure.
Some fall in low spirits when they don’t do well in the exams. They usually lose heart and no longer study as hard as before. However, most students take an active attitude towards failure. They encourage themselves to be self-confident. They find out and analyze the causes so that they will no longer make similar mistakes.
As for me, I agree with those with active attitudes. As we all know, failure is the mother of success. Even great men may have failed many times before they succeeded. So we must deal with failure correctly.
作文中常用句套：
总起:
Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
Different people hold different opinions.
Opinions are divided.
People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards …
People have different opinions on this problem.
People take different views on this question.
表达不同观点:
…of them hold the opinion that ….
…of them are in favor of the idea that…
People who are for/against the idea think …
Some people believe that…. Others argue that …
进一步提出观点：
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...
不同观点之间的衔接:
However, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion.
People who are against it don’t think so.
However, each coin has two sides.
Different from those…., …people think ….
On the other hand, … people object that ….
并列关系：and, as well as, also…
递进关系：besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more…
比较、对比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand…
举普通例子：
For example (instance),...
... such as A, B, C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
“Knowledge is power”, such is the remark of ...
讲故事: （先说故事主体，this story is not rare.）
..., such dilemma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因：
There are many reasons for ...
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
结尾：
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
正反观点对比常用句型
(1) We have a discussion about… 我们对……进行了一次讨论。
We’ve had a discussion about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
(2) We have had a survey on… 我们对……开展了一次调查。
We’ve had a survey on whether students should be allowed to carry mobile phones to schools.
(3) Opinions are divided on the question. 在这个问题上意见有分歧。
(4) Opinions are mainly divided into two groups. 有两种不同意见。
(5) Others have different opinions. 其他人有不同看法。
(5) Sixty percent of the students are for the idea, while forty percent of the students think otherwise.
有60%的学生支持这个观点，然而有40%的学生则不这样认为。
(6) Sixty percent of the students think it necessary to…, but forty percent of the students don’t think so.
60%的学生认为……是必须的，而40%的学生则不这样认为。
(7) On the one hand, … On the other hand, … 一方面……，另一方面……
在对某一观点作进一步论证时，可用下列句型：
(1) What’s more, … 还有就是……
What’s more, we can get a good knowledge of the culture and social customs of the country where we study, as well as improve our English.
(2) Besides, … 除此之外……
Some students cannot discipline themselves. Besides, it’s far too expensive to study abroad, which is a load to the family.
当然在提出多个论据时，也可用First, …Second, … Third, …来列举论据。
Writing ( 全国卷）
1. 最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。
60%的同学认为 40%的同学认为
1、不应收门票
2、公园是公众休闲的地方
3、如收票，需建大门、围墙，会影响城市形象 1、应收门票，但票价不宜高
2、支付园林工人工资
3、购新花木
注意：
1. 信的开头已为你写好。2. 词数：100左右。3. 参考词汇：门票：entrance fee。
Dear Editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours truly,
Li Hua
One possible version:
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks(提出问题).
Opinions are divided on the question(过渡句). 60％of the students are against the idea of entrance fee. They believe a public park should be free of charge(观点一). People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Changing entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away(论据一). What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city(论据二).
On the other hand, 40％ think that fees should be charged(观点二) because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers(论据一), and to buy plants and young trees(论据二). They suggest, however, fees should be charged low.
Yours truly
可以看出，这类文章的写作，首先要提出问题，即双方讨论的问题。接下来提出观点一，并用一系列论据进行阐明。说明完观点一之后，再提出观点二，继续用论据进行说明。如果需要说明自己的观点，可接下来说明自己的观点。
2. 假定你是某中学学生李华。最近，你班同学正在参加《中国日报》21世纪中学生英文报“大家谈”栏目的一个讨论。本次话题为：父母的收入有没有必要让孩子知道?
请你根据下表所列情况给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。
70％的同学认为： 30％的学生认为：
1．父母的收入应该让孩子知道； 1．父母的收入没有必要让孩子知道；
2．知道后，知其来之不易，能够更加努力学习； 2．如果知道父母收入较好，会助长乱花钱风气；
3．知道后，可以理解家长艰辛，学会俭省，为大人分忧。 3．知道父母收人后，会以为不用努力，也能靠父母，影响学习动力。
注意：1．词数：100左右。2．信的开头已经为你写好，不计入总词数内。3．参考词汇：收入--income
Dear editor,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether we should know our parents' income.
Suggested answer
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether we should know our parents’ income.
We do have different opinions on this matter. Most of us (about 70%) think we should know our parents’ income since it will help us understand how hard our parents have to work, no matter how much they earn. Then we will study harder and will not waste money any more. We may also learn to share our parents’ trouble.
About 30% of my classmates think it unnecessary to let the children know how much their parents earn. If they know their parents have enough money to support the family, they will not study hard since they needn’t worry about the future. It is said, especially when their parents have a higher income, the children will easily form a wasteful habit.
My favourite occupation
If you ask me what is my favourite will say “A teacher” without any is because of my teachers’ impact on me..
Teachers are considered as the greatest occupation in the try their best to help their students obtain the knoeledge and become useful people in think I will be in honor of teachers .
It is easier to say than to be a good teacher is not easy,so I should establish good foundation now .To study much harder is certainly addition ,try to learn the methodology from the teach old man Endlish in your neighbourhood in your spare time,this can let you have much experience.
I believe that I will be a good teacher in the future.
我的业余爱好
如果你问我什么是我最喜欢的职业，我会说:“老师”毫不犹豫的。这是因为我的老师对我的影响。
老师都被看作是世界上最伟大的职……他们尽其所能来帮助学生获得knoeledge变成有用的人,在社会上我认为我将会在荣誉的教师。
这是更容易说比要成为一名好老师是不容易的，所以我应该建立了良好的基础。学习更加努力的`确是必要的。此外，努力学习的方法从教老人Endlish在你的邻居在业余时间，这可以让你有很多经验。
我相信,我会成为一名优秀的教师。
没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近几年问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越来越多的开始相信这种状况将
2 There is a general debate today over the phenomenon of ————————
3 When it comes to education,------- ---------------说到~~~
4 There’s no denying the fact that...-----------.事实不容否认----------
5 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. …已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
6 There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
无可否认，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
7 There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。
8 Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。
9 .It go es without saying that... 不用说...(意思是：论述的内容是显而易见的)
意见分歧
1 No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
论文关键词：功能语法，过程，，议论文
作为当今最有影响力之一的语言学理论，功能语法以社会学为导向，着重语言的功能性研究。其创始人韩礼德从儿童和成人的语言学习角度将语言功能高度理论化。根据韩的观点，儿童所使用的最原始的语言能够被简概为一套高度编码且抽象的功能，其中包含三个元功能（纯理功能）：概念功能（ideational function），人际功能（interpersonal function）以及语篇功能（textualfunction）[1]。概念功能进一步被细化为经验和逻辑功能，表述在我们周围及自身所发生的事情，称之为“内容（content）”。概念功能通过及物性（transitivity）来实现，及物性由六个过程组成，即物质过程，心理过程，关系过程，行为过程，言语过程和存在过程。
功能语法把用来表达一系列概念意义，抽象和具体的外部世界，以及人的意识过程的结构单位叫做小句（clause），即句子或类似句子结构的统称。一个小句包含三个功能成份：过程（process），参与者（participant），和环境（circumstantials）。其中主要成份过程代表事件或状态，参与者即从时间，地点，方式等各个层面参与的人或事功能语法，而具体的参与者功能取决于过程类型。语言的及物性和作格性能够帮助将过程进行归类，及物性把经验世界看作是一套可控的过程模式。简而言之，及物性是与概念元功能相一致的小句语法，及物性分析能够定义不同的过程类型并由此决定过程的参与者，从而明确过程与参与者之间的逻辑关系[2]。
在韩提出的六个过程中，物质，心理和关系过程是最主要的。他们作为经验理论，是语法的奠基石，呈现三种截然不同的结构，是篇章中所有小句的主体。同时，韩提出了一个假设，这三个过程在整个语言中的分布频率大致平衡。然而，他自己也承认，此理论未经证实[3]。韩礼德用来阐释六个过程的小句皆为简短且相互独立无关联的句子，而此后的相关过程模式研究也仅仅探究了口头语篇或主观自创的例句cssci期刊目录。
二、“过程”介绍
. 物质过程（Material Process）
心理过程（Mental Process）
心理过程表达的是人所感，所想，所思等心理活动的过程，一般有两个参与者，一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”（senser），另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”（phenomenon）。与物质过程不同的是，心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉，反应和认知的人，如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”，如“it”在句子“it （money） pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
关系过程（Relational Process）
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系，即具有某种联系的物，人，情形或事件之间的关系，或指某一物的属性，特点或所处状态等，大致可分为两种模式：修饰型（attributive）和认同型（identifying）。修饰型包含两个参与者，载体（carrier）即含有某种属性的实体，属性（attribute），即对载体的限定功能语法，在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中，“one of the wise Men”是载体，“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者（identified）和认同者（identifier），如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”，“the schoolhouse”是被认同者，“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
行为过程（Behavioral Process）
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为，如呼吸，咳嗽，微笑，哭泣，做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者，通常为人的行为者（behaver），例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”，“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下，行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显，因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似，而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
言语过程（Verbal Process）
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程，广义上来说就是“说”的过程，通常用到的动词有say，tell，talk，praise，describe等，如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者（sayer），听话者（receiver），以及言语内容（verbiage）。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体，并不一定要求具有意识性，如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
存在过程（Existential Process）
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况，通常只有一个参与者，即存在物（existent）。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”，或含表存在的动词，exist，remain，come about，happen等等。
三、英文议论文中的小句过程模式
样本与分析方法
本文选取的五篇英文议论文样本如下：The Real Truth About Lies （Randy Fitzgerald，882 字，选自The World Of English，）; Education （ . White，1021字，选自The Hill Reader，135-155）; The Art Of SmartGuessing （ Bryan W. Mattimore，1034 字，选自The World English，）; On The Art OfAdvertising （ Samuel Johnson功能语法，995 字，选自 The Hill Reader，453-455）; 以及 The Green Frog Skin（John Lame Deer，1166 字，选自The Hill Reader ，332-334）.
笔者依据物质，心理，关系，行为，言语和存在六个过程对每篇文章的分句进行了判定，并为进一步的量化分析计算出各分句所占比例。具体分布情况如下表所示：
篇章1
101
篇章2
篇章3
篇章4
篇章5
121
160
166
483
百分比
33%
附属从句与嵌入式从句
154
话题类作文写作模板：
Nowadays， there are more and more __ _ in __ _. It is estimatedthat ___. Why have there been so many ____? Maybe the reasons can be listed asfollows.
The first one is ______. Besides，_____. The third one is _____. To sum up， the main cause of it is due to _____. It is high timethat something were done upon it. For one thing，_____. Foranother thing， _____. All these measures will certainlyreduce the number of _____.
正反观点论述类作文模板
导入：
第1段：(导入话题)
(观点有分歧)
正文：
第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)
.(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)
(列出2~3个反对的理由)
结论：
第4段： (个人观点)
高中英语观点类作文模板：观点论述类议论文模板
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision . (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下)
第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)
第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成“总—分—总”结构)
高中英语观点类作文模板：段首句
对立观点型
* 基本结构：
* 1. 对事物进行整体评论或介绍(主题句)
* 2. 分别陈述两种不同的观点/做法，阐释理由(扩展句)
* 3. 给出自己的观点、结论(扩展句)
* 主题句(Topic sentence)：文章的主题、每段的中心论点
* 扩展句(Supporting sentence):支撑中心论点的理由、例证
写作思路 四段式写法
第1段：提出观点
主题句---扩展句(观点A)---扩展句(观点B)
* 首段扩展句：亮出对立的观点A和观点B
* 有些人认为。。。
* 然而，另一些人认为。。。
* 主题句 When it comes to…, there is no complete agreement among people.
It goes without saying that… has become a hotly debated topic in our country
There is no denying the fact that … has become a hotly debated topic in our country.
* 单词表认为：argue，claim，believe, hold, maintain, contend, assume, believe, emphasize, assert, point out
* 短语表认为: firmly believe that…，be deeply convinced …
* A large number of people argue that…
* In contrast, there are also numerous Chinese citizens who hold that...
* 第2段：论证观点A (两个认为，两个理由)
扩展句(观点A理由1)---扩展句(观点A理由2) ---主题句
* 第一种人的支持者主声称 。
* 另外，他们认为 。
* 所以， (小结) 。
* ① Supporters of the first group claim that (正方理由1
* ②In addition, they assume that ( 正方理由2) .
* ③Consequently, ( 重复观点1 ) .
* 第3段：论证观点B (两个认为，两个理由)
扩展句(观点B理由1)---扩展句(观点B理由2) ---主题句
* 然而，其他人坚持第二种观点因为 。
* 另外， 。
* ①Nevertheless, their critics maintain that ( 反方理由1 )
* ②Moreover, they assert that ( 反方理由2) .
* ③As a result, ( 小结 ).…
结尾段：总结全文，表明立场
* 主题句(我的立场) ---扩展句(我的理由1)---扩展句(我的理由2) ---结尾句
* 在我看来，我更喜欢后一种说法。
* 一方面，。。。。
* 另一方面，。。。。
* 综上所述，重申我的立场。
* As far as I am concerned, I prefer the former/latter point of view.
On the one hand, I am deeply convinced that.....
On the other hand, it is my firm belief that......
Based on the analysis above, it can be safely concluded that...
* 支持者：supporters，champions, advocates, 反对者：opponents, critics，objectors
Reading selectively or extensively?
When asked about reading selectively or extensively. People may find it hard to come to consensus due to their different experience and conflicting values.
Those who advocate the ideas of reading selectively believe that you are less likely to win if you don’t excel in one field, since the competition is fierce today. For one thing, time is limited while are numerous. For another, some harmful books can corrupt one’s mind and even cause crimes.
Nevertheless, those who insist on reading extensively hold that people can broaden knowledge and experience by reading widely. First of all, one should always go after a greater achievement. Furthermore, only by reading extensively, can one keep abreast of time. Most important of all, knowledge is the source of power.
On balance, I think we should increase both the quality and quantity of our reading. That is because the significant of good reading cannot be overvalued as well as that of reading extensively.
对比观点题型
（1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1. 有一些人认为......
2. 另一些人认为.......
3. 我的看法......
The topic of ①-----------------(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
Some people believe that ①----------------(观点一). For example, they think ②-----------------(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二).
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).
对比观点题型的思路比较简单，但非常重要。整体思路是，先陈述别人的意见，再表明自己的立场，通过对比，就能很清楚看出观点间的区别。遇到这类写作话题，大家不要慌张，一定要理清自己的写作思路。加油，预祝大家都取得好成绩。
月英语四级作文模板：对比选择型
2.英语四级对比类作文模板
3.月英语四级作文必背模板:讨论观点类
4.英语四级阅读观点词汇
5.英语四级作文万能模板：提纲式作文模板
6.英语四级作文模板：辩论式作文
7.年12月英语四级书信型模板作文模板
8.英语四级作文写作五大模板参考
月英语四级作文万能模板
10.英语四级作文万能模板最新
(1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic
varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude
as follows: in the first place, ___原因一, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People,however,.
Somepeoplehold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, thereis no
doubtthat ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I __观点一
或二______.Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more
_______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive
aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, _every coin has two sides_, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To
begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same
time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
( 3 ) 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we
must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this
problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving
problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am
concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,
____方法_____.
( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: _ ___谚语________ has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also
in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as
follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance
to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an
increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use
A Good Major or a Good University
When asked to choose between a good major or a good university before college enrollment, people have different opinions. Many people believe that a good university means great advantage for job application after graduation. On the one hand, a good university has good reputations, which adds credits for its graduates. On the other hand, a good university has all sorts of channels to help graduates get a good job. All these point to the indispensability of a good university.
However, others claim that a good major is all that counts. As far as they are concerned, excellent teaching staff of a good major makes sure that the student are sufficiently trained in the chosen field. Moreover, if one chooses a major that is most needed by the society, not only will he/she find a job easily, but they will contribute much to the society.
As for me, such choice should be made according to our academic interest. Because whether a major or a university is good depends on how we look at it. If certain major or university fits our interest, it will be considered good. What’s more, interest is the best teacher, so a choice of our own interest can help us overcome difficulties in the study. Therefore, let our interest decide for us.
高一英语对比观点类作文模板
(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1. 有一些人认为。。。
2. 另一些人认为。。。
3. 我的看法。。。
(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
Some people believe that ①----------------(观点一). For example, they think
②-------------(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④------(我不同
意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤------(反对的理由之二). Form all what I have said,
I agree to the thought that ⑥----------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).
正反观点对比类英语作文模板
(1)要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1.有一些人认为...
2.另一些人认为...
3.我的看法...
The topic of ①-(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-----理由二). Moreover, ④-------(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥--(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦--(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨----(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2)给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
Some people believe that ①(观点一). For example, they think ②-(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-----(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-(反对的理由之二).
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥--(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).
英语正反观点对比类作文预测及范文
I prefer my English classes to betaught in both English and Chinese, whose advantage is that it is easy for usto understand what the teacher talks about. The teacher first teaches the classin English, and then she explains those that are hard to understand to us sothat we get a better knowing of the passage. That will be good for us.
However, teaching the class in twolanguages will make the English atmosphere not so strong. Some students whowish to be taught in English will be disappointed.
Except for the disadvantage, I thinkit is really good to hear two languages in classes. It can make us morefamiliar with the foreign culture.
Should students make friends on line ?
Some people say internet helps make many on line，students can more freely express their feelings and opinions，and even get help with their foreign language studies.
Others，however，think students should say making friends on line is a waste of time，which should be spent more meaningfully on ，some students get cheated on line.
It is my opinion that students should place their study，health and safety before other for friendship，we can readily find it in our classmates and other people around us.
高一英语观点对比类英语作文
关于对比的观点英语作文
Now people in significant numbers are beginning to compare themselves with others. They harbor the idea that comparison can not only make them realize the differences between them and others, but also make them strive. They retreat surpassing others as success.
现在很多人都拿自己和别人比较。他们怀着这样的想法，对比不仅能让他们意识到自己与他人之间的差异，也能使他们更加努力。他们把超越他人作为成功。
Opinions vary from person to person. Some people take the attitude that comparing ourselves with others does have the passive effects to our life. On the one hand, if you compare yourself with the one who is weaker than you, you will be so satisfied with the current situation that you will lose the ambition. On the other hand, compared with the ones stronger than you, you can not find the confidence.
不同的`人对此有不同的看法。有些人认为把自己与他人相比对我们的生活有消极影响。一方面，如果你把自己和比你弱的人相比，你会满足于现状，从而丢失了野心。另一方面，与那些比你强的人相比，就会失去信心。
All in all, every coin has two sides. So we should not compare us with others blindly. But, we can compare ourselves with ourselves before. Only in this way, can we find out our advantages and weakness.
总之，每个硬币都有两面。所以我们不应该盲目与他人对比。但是，我们可以与以前的自己相比。只有这样，我们才能发现自己的优点和弱点。
Recently, our school held a heated dicussion about whether an entrance fee should be charged for people have different views on the
60% of the students are against the idea of entrance hold this opinion becouse they believe a public park should be free of need a place where they can rest and enjoy entrance fees will no doubt keep some people 's more,it will become necessory torebuild gates and wallls, which will do harm to the iamge of the 40% students think that fees should be charged since you need money to pay gardeners and other
workers,and to buy plants and young suggestthat the fees should be low.
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although ——indeed bring us many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn’t be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. 通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管----很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____
.综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……
It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal point of view,I find----
在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现…
个人观点:
As for me, I’m in favor of the opinion that ———for the following reasons:
就我而言，我同意 观点。
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____.
I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
完全同意……这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下：
But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.
但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……
号召：
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of in this way can ______in the future.
总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……
随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, it\_s urgent and necessary to every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
严重影响社会秩序
seriously disturb social order
促进经济和社会发展
to promote economic
对健康有好处
make for good health
对健康有危害
a hazard to health
破坏环境、污染环境
没有细节就不可能有艺术作品，作品的题材无论多有意义，主题思想多正确，如果没有真实感人的细节，就无法给人以强烈的艺术感受。运用细节表现法刻画人物，首先要找到真实的细节。细节不真实，人物就不真，作品就必然失败。其次还要注意细节的选择，要选择那些最具有特征的。最能表现作品主题的细节。否则，就应该毫不吝惜地舍弃。
关键词：评价理论；学术论文摘要；对比分析
1.引言
一直以来，学术论文写作是我们英语学习得一个重要环节。摘要是论文的缩影，是一篇论文的重要部分。因此，本文试图从评价理论的角度入手，通过对比分析英语专业研究生毕业论文和国际期刊上的论文摘要的评价资源实现形式以及分布情况，考察二者的异同，以期对学术论文写作提供一些有益的启示。
2.评价理论及其基本框架
评价系统（The Appraisal Systems） 是对系统功能语言学的新发展。系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上发展起来的。该研究由Martin指导，Caroline Coffin，Rick Iedema，Henrike Korner，David Rose，Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。这项研究是“写得得体”（Write It Right）科研项目的一部分。评价理论包括三大次系统：态度，介入和级差。三大次系统又可以次系统化。
态度系统指对文本，人类行为和现象所作出的判断。态度有积极和消极之分。任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。态度可以通过表品质的词来表达，如happy；可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达，如like； 通过情态状语表达，如happily。态度包含三个系范畴：情感系统、判断系统和鉴赏系统。判断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。鉴赏系统又可分为：反应、构成和价值。
级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源，包含语势和聚焦。语势有强势和弱势之分，聚焦有明显和模糊之分。级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现，如 some，plausible等。
3.语料
4.研究结果及分析
本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析：态度，介入，级差。首先对态度展开对比分析。
基于态度的对比分析
态度有明确和含蓄的表达，本论文只关注明确的态度词汇表达。二语料库都含有较多的态度资源，如例（1）中斜体部分显示。
（1）…this distinction has regarded as insignificant || （attitude： appreciation）…
基于介入的对比分析
介入资源表达的是声音的来源。介入系统包含对话扩展和对话紧缩。对话扩展包含包容和归属；对话紧缩包含宣言和弃言。首先考察对话扩展展开对比分析。
二者都采用较多的包容和归属资源来表达自己的观点，如（3）和（4）中粗体部分显示。
（2）mothers/fathers of twins or who may || （engagement： entertain） be strangers…
在对两语料库的分析中发现二者都采用的弃言资源区别不大。所以这里只针对宣言资源进行分析。二者采用的宣言资源都相对较少，比如例（3）中粗体部分显示。
（3）…hedge surely || （engagement： concur） has an effect on language.
期刊学者使用的宣称资源要远远大于学生；而学生使用的支持资源则较多。这说明，学生在表达结论时更倾向于使用支持。
基于级差的对比分析
（4）The conclusions tend to be more frequent || （graduation： force）…
5.结语
总之，将本文所做的对比分析应用于英语论文的写作教学中，让学生学会英语论文摘要评价资源的使用规律，以提高撰写英文论文摘要的能力。
参考文献
[1] Halliday，M. A. K. （1994）. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London： Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
[2] Martin，J. R. & White，P. R. R. （2005）. The Language of Evaluation： Appraisal in English. London & New York： Palgrave Macmillan.
[3] 鞠玉梅. （2004）. 体裁分析与英汉学术论文摘要语篇.《外语教学》. （2），32-36.
[4] 李战子. （2004）. 评价理论：在话语分析中的应用和问题.《外语研究》. （5），1-6.
这几天军训，许多人说累，但我认为：这些累，值。因为我在对比中悟出了很多东西。
第一，通过对比能更清晰地理顺一件事。比如，许多人都认为读书苦，读书累。读书累吗？累！军训累吗？累！但我问你，哪个更累呢？我想只要是经受过军训的人，大多数人会毫不迟疑地回答：军训更累！其实，如果我们的思维再拉长一点点，就会明白，读书苦，军训更苦，生活最苦。既然这样，在我们还没有承受生活最苦的时候，就不要装腔作势地抱怨读书的苦了。这点苦，与以后生活的苦想比，算得了什么！
第二，通过对比能更清晰地看透一个人。比如，教官不苟言笑，刚开始我们给他贴的是“粗暴”的标签。后来发现他在“军容军姿”的训练中，会细心地帮我们理平翻卷的衣领，会悄悄地扶正我们歪斜的帽檐。比如，父母和孩子原本彼此嫌弃，既相爱也相杀，却在共同应对军训的“苦难”中，达成了难得的共识，尤其是被军训折腾的我们，回到家，“意外”地发现了父母真的爱我们。
第三，通过对比能更清晰地明白一个理。比如，努力不一定会成功，但努力一定会让你无愧于心。你是每次训练都全心投入的那个，但你不一定是最优秀的那个。你是练得最勤奋的那个，但你不一定是最标准的那个。但至少，你的心是安然的，你的眼神是坦然的，即使结果不如人意，你也能平静地接受。
我学到的虽然不多，但我认为这些很真实，很正确。所以，我觉得这次军训，有对比，没伤害。
1. In the first place,. In the second place,.
首先，。其次，。
2. First,. Second, .
3. To begin with, . Secondly,. Last but not least,.
首先，。其次，。最后但并不是最不重要的，。
4. The first reason is that. The second one is. The third is.
第一个原因是。第二个原因是。第三个原因是。
5. First of all, . Secondly, . Furthermore, .
首先，。其次，。另外,。
6. For one thing, . For another, .
一方面,。另一方面，。
7. Firstly, . Secondly, . Thirdly, .
首先，。其次，。再次，。
8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe.
我不同意上述观点的另一个原因是我认为。
对比法
对比法是通过正反两方面的比较来阐释主题的方法。中间段中对比法的运用一般是先揭示图片内涵，再从正反两方面论证图片的内涵。对比法常用的素材有：
1. The advantages gained inoutweigh/are much greater than the advantages we gain from .
从中获取的优势远远超过我们从中获取的。
2. bear(s) a close/striking resemblance to .
与极为相似。
3. On the one hand, . On the other hand,.
一方面,。另一方面,。
4. Similarly/Likewise/In the same way,.
与之相似地/同样，。
5. Although enjoy(s) a distinct advantage,.
尽管有明显优势，但是。
6. Many students like. Among them there are two different attitudes to. Some of them think that . Others, however, don't think so. They feel that.
许多学生喜欢。关于他们有两种不同的观点。有人认为。而另外一些则不赞同这种看法。他们认为。
7. Nothing/Few things can approach/equal/match.
没有什么能与相似/相等/相比。
8. Indeed, carries more weight than when is concerned.
的确，就而言，的重要性要超过。
9. Serious as the problem may be, it pales in comparison with.
这个问题可能很严重，但与相比就微不足道了。
10. In comparison/contrast, .
比较而言/对比起来，。
11. Indeed/Certainly, play(s) a more/less important role when compared with .
的确/当然，与相比，的影响要大/小得多。
12. Despite the fact that most of them like , I would like to choose to .
尽管事实是他们中大多数人喜欢，我还是倾向于。
13. When the advantages and disadvantages are compared/weighed, the conclusion/finding is quite obvious/self-evident.
比较一下优缺点，结论就不言而喻了。
14. There is no consensus among people as to. Some people suggest that , while others argue that. I agree with the latter/former.
人们并未就达成一致意见。一些人建议，而另一些人则认为。我赞成后者/前者。
15. People differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem. Some maintain that. Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that. Personally, I stand on the side of.
人们对于这个问题的态度差异很大。有人认为。与此相反，另外一些人认为。就我个人而言，我站在这一边。
16. For most people today, have/has become their main source of . But as for me, should be regarded as a better source.
如今大多数人将作为的主要来源。但就我而言，
应被看作一种更好的来源。
17. may be superior to, but it poses problems for those who.
可能比更好一些，但它会给那些的人带来问题。
18. Different people have different ideas about. Some people take it for granted that . On the contrary, some other people think .
关于的观点因人而异。有人想当然地认为。相反，其他人则认为。
19. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely. Those who oppose/object to/are against it argue/hold that , but people who advocate/support/are for it maintain/assert/claim that.
随着越来越多的人加入它的行列，这一事件已经在全国引起了巨大反响。然而，人们对此的观点却迥然不同。反对者认为，但支持者则宣称。
20. People differ in their opinions on . Some of them believe that, while others deem that.
人们对持有不同的看法。有些人认为,而有些人则认为。
21. Many surveys show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize that. Meanwhile, many people still live under the traditional idea that.
许多调查显示，越来越多的人开始意识到。同时，仍有许多人持传统观点，认为。
举例法
举例法是指通过列举事例或具体细节使主题句的抽象含义具体化，进一步说明主题句所表达的思想的方法。举例法能增强说服力和条理性。引出例子常用的素材有：
1. From my everyday experience and observation I can list several examples that defend the statement that .
根据我的日常经验和观察，我可以举出几个例子来证明这一论述。
2. There are many instances supporting my opinion.
有许多例子可以证明我的观点。
3. Perhaps the most important example of is.
有关的最重要的例子可能是。
case in point is . 一个恰当的例子是。
for example. 以为例。
6. This is a concrete example concerning.
这是一个有关的具体例子。
7. Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that.
再没有比更明显的例子了。
8. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of .
要说明这个问题，是我能想到的最好的例子。
9. The latest surveys conducted by show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that.
由开展的最新调查显示,。
10. No one can deny the fact that .
没有人可以否认的事实。
11. Talking about , the first thing that may occur to you and me seems to be.
说到，我们首先想到的似乎就是。
12. A common example, which is frequently cited, is .
一个被普遍引用的例子是。
13. Instances of the same sort might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that.
类似的例子不胜枚举，但这一个就足以说明。
14. History abounds with the example of.
历史上有许多方面的例子。
15. The following example best illustrates the idea that .
下面这个例子很好地说明了。
16. As one writer/scientist/psychologist wrote/commented/pointed out/noted,.
正如一位作家/科学家/心理学家所写/说/指出的，。
17. It is a commonly accepted fact that.
是一个被普遍接受的事实。
18. This is a typical/striking/notable illustration/example of .
这是的典型例子。
19. To the already familiar examples/facts, a few more/a number of other examples/facts can be added.
除了这些已经熟悉的例子/事实，我们还可以举出一些/许多其他的例子/事实。
举例说明
我家是一个幸福的三口之家，家庭收入不是很高，但是我很幸福。有时候我想要一些东西，父母却因为太贵不给我买；有时候我放假了想出去旅游，父母会因为没时间不带我去；有时候我学习成绩下滑，父母还会训斥我。但我从不会感到生活不幸福，因为我会从对比中感受幸福。
有时候我要的东西父母不给我买，一方面是因为贵，而另一方面会因为不实用，但父母会每过一段时间请我出去吃一顿饭，因为父母认为吃得好些、多些是对我有好处的，能让我长得更好、更快。就这样，我虽然没有得到想要的东西，但我觉得我很幸福，因为我从和流浪人员的对比中感到幸福。不管在烈日炎炎的夏天，还是在寒风刺骨的冬天，我都会在不同的地方见到一些不同的行乞人员，他们不是因为不想靠自己的双手去劳动，而确实没有这个能力，他们大都是老弱病残。我碰见他们时，都会给他们一些零钱和食物，他们这一天可以吃饱了，但以后呢？他们以后还会过挨饿、吃不饱的日子。和这些流浪人员一对比比，我就觉得自己真幸福，还能吃到香喷喷的饭菜，所以我就不想要那些东西了，因为对比以后，我才发现只要能吃饱就很幸福。
有时候我要出远门旅游，但父母会因为没时间、工作忙而不带我去，但父母就算工作再忙，我每天还都能看见父母，晚上和他们一起吃饭、一起娱乐。所以我虽然不能出去旅游了，但我觉得很幸福，因为我和孤儿院的小朋友对比后，我感觉到了幸福。孤儿院的小朋友根本不知道什么是旅游，他们可能就连爸爸、妈妈是什么样子也不知道。他们没有人爱，没有亲人，更没有和别的孩子一样和父母出去玩、团聚的快乐可言。和这些孤儿院的孩子们一对比，我就觉得自己真幸福，还可以和父母团聚、在一起，所以我就不想出去旅游了，因为对比后我才发现只要能和父母在一起就很幸福了。
有时候我会因为学习太累而不想学习，从而学习成绩下滑，父母会因为这而训斥我，甚至还会打我两巴掌，但过后就是父母的鼓励和表扬。虽然我被父母骂了，并挨了两巴掌，但我觉得我很幸福，因为我和战争国家的同龄人的对比中，我感受到了幸福。在战火连天的国家不知何时就会有一枚导弹击中教学楼，使一个个生命就此结束，就算你是幸运者没有被打死，但你也会被卷入这场战争，做一名“童子军”，每天迎接你的将是枪林弹雨，别说能坐在宽敞明亮的教室里上课了，就算能活下来就是上帝对你的恩点了。他们不是不想上学，而是条件不允许，在教室里上课简直就是奢望，他们是多么想听到父母和老师的教诲啊！可是，父母是死是活他们自己也不知道，他们只能默默地祈祷。和他们一对比，我就觉得自己很幸福，还能在宽敞明亮的教室里上课，还能听到父母和老师的声声教诲，所以我便不怕累，好好学习了，因为对比后我才发现这点苦算什么呢？能每天上课、获得知识、听父母教导就是很幸福的了。
我们现在不能再对现在的生活抱怨什么了，我们不能再奢望什么了。我们要立足于根本，立足于社会，立足于全世界，用对比来感受幸福，来审视我们的所作所为，来反醒我们的要求和抱怨。所以不要再提要求了，不要再怕累了，不要再抱怨了。从对比中感受幸福，会得到更多的幸福！
1） Nowadays many college students take part-time jobs intheir spare time.
2) It is no doubt that taking a part-time jobbrings about several advantages to college students.
3) Above all, part-time job provide students a valuable chance to put their knowledge into practice.
4) Furthermore, students can get some money to help relieve the burden on their families.
5) However, problems may also arise.
6) For one thing, some students may neglect their studies due to their failure in manage their time spent on part-time jobs.
7)For another, not knowing how to protect themselves, some students may be cheated or hurt by their employers.
8) Weighing the advantages and disadvantages, I think that we college students should step out of campus and take some part-time jobs.
9) undoubtedly, it offers us opportunity to know the society.
10) But it is worth nothing that we cannot put too much time and energy in part-time jobs and neglect our study .
11) To conclude, if the schedule permits, doing part-time jobs in spare time is a good choice for college students.
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